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found this . . . its about a discharged battery but same principal
The physics of the thing are quite simple. A discharged battery has a lower voltage than a charged one. If or when you get the engine started, the alternator begins to produce electricity (nominally 14.4 volts dc).
The difference between the alternator output and discharged battery voltage could be as much as 10 volts (as a realistic scenario). The alternator is trying to bring the battery up to 14.4v whilst the battery is trying to pull down the alternator voltage to whatever its discharged voltage has fallen to (for argument's sake, 4v because you parked-up and left your lights on all day!).
The net result is that energy (in the form of electricity) is being delivered to the battery, which translates into a high current (amps) to bring the two into balance.
The alternator is an electromechanical device that takes rotational energy from the engine to produce electricity. The more electricity it has to produce, the harder it has to work. The harder the alternator has to work, the greater the rotational energy it needs from the engine to convert into electrical energy. It doesn't take long to recharge a discharged battery that is in otherwise good order.
A steady run of about 15 to 20 minutes would be ample. The initial current might be in the order of 30 to 40amps, but will begin to fall almost immediately as the battery begins to recharge. Eventually, as the battery voltage rises to near that of the alternator, the current will fall to as little as 0.5 to 1amp, (assuming no other load is applied, i.e. wipers, lights, radio etc.) just enough to maintain an OCV (operating circuit voltage) of 13.8v to 14.4v.
This increased energy demand is 'seen' as increased load on the engine, and is compensated for by your right foot!
I used to have half a day to explain this to students, so be aware this is a VERY, VERY, abridged version!!
In reality, the extra load is short lived, and the amount of extra fuel used is neglegable, but if you were to run a set of controlled tests in laboratory conditions you would see a small but measureable increase in fuel consumption.
On a vastly larger scale, we used to use a dynamomter based on an alternator in the order of 100KVA (about 100,000 watts at 240v AC). To test an engine's performance you would, little by little, increase the load, in form of shunt resistors (in effect, big electric heaters!). The more shunts an engine could sustain at a given throttle opening, the greater it's power output, measured in BHP. (brake horse power).
Although, it is much smaller, the same principal applies to your car's alternator - similarly, just turning on your lights will increase your fuel consumption, but again, only by an almost immeasurable amount, but bear in mind, modern car alternators can put out as much as 1.5Kw (1,500 watts) and can account for as much as 3 to 5 BHP load on your engine! - an extreme example perhaps, but in a car with heated seats, heated windscreen, heated rear window, heated mirrors, ABS, quad HID lighting, air conditioning, etc. etc. you can begin to see how power can get gobbled up without your even being aware of it!
Not a definitive, nor an exhaustive explanation, but then I don't have half a day to take you through it!.
Source(s):
It's what I used to do for a living! Askham Bryan College - NYCC Ed. Dept.
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